In 2008 I participated in Dr. Baraniuk’s spinal tap study at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Some readers may remember how exciting Dr. Baraniuk’s first proteome study was; it was the easy winner of the 2006 Phoenix Rising Paper of the Year. The study suggested that chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients had unusual proteins in their cerebral spinal fluid.
These results suggested that clumps of abnormally folded proteins could be causing small punctures in the blood vessels of ME/CFS patients brains. These punctures, in turn, could cause blood to leak out into the brain causing the symptoms of ME/CFS.
This, the first attempt at finding a protein (as opposed to gene) signature, was stunningly successful in its ability to clearly elucidate a possible cause of chronic fatigue syndrome.
Unique protein signature?
These proteins consisted of the following:
- two proteins suggesting a protease antiprotease imbalance is present. This implicates increased production of elastase, an enzyme Dr. De Meirleir believes plays a role.
- several proteins suggesting small amounts of bleeding in the brain could be caused by the aggregation of proteins (amyloids) in the blood vessesl.
- Another protein suggests increased free radical production is present
- Another suggests that problems with the vasoconstriction of the blood vessels and damage to the cells lining the blood vessels (the endothelial cells).
- Another protein is associated with inflammation
- One protein suggesting altered rates of cell suicide (apoptosis) are present
I was excited to meet Dr. Baraniuk and was even happier to find out that both he and his assistant Dr. Murugam Ravindran were quite willing to sit down and discuss what they believed chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) was all about.
Yes, it’s all in your head
Dr. Ravindran, Dr. Baraniuk’s young assistant, took great delight in telling me again and again that yes, ME/CFS was indeed all in my head. He didn’t mean it was psychological, though. Dr. Baraniuk’s proteome paper stated that their “proteomic model provides initial objective evidence for the legitimacy of CFS as a distinct neurological disease.’ Indeed, in an interview Dr. Baraniuk stated that he believed his study “ushers in a whole new era for identifying [and] recognizing the legitimacy of these disorders.” (!)
Dr. Baraniuk is clearly enthusiastic about the potential of his study to uncover key elements of this disease. Let’s take a closer look at some of the specific proteins he’s most interested in.
Amyloid proteins
The amyloidic proteins appear to be the key elements of the protein signature; the inflammation, hemorrhagic elements, increased cell death and free radical production could all derive from the body’s attempt to recover from damage done by
amyloidic proteins bunching up, impeding blood flow and finally puncturing the blood vessel walls in the brain.
Amyloid proteins are proteins that generally get folded improperly as they are being made. Since shape in a protein is everything – proteins trigger cellular activity by locking into each other like 3-dimensional keys – improper folding can turn a protein useless or even dangerous.
The types of amyloid proteins Dr. Baraniuk found in chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients are unique to the brain. These same general types of proteins are also found in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Down’s syndrome.
Improperly folded proteins can cause two major problems; (a) because the proteins are not doing the job they’re supposed to do they can cause vital processes to be neglected and (b) if they’re not removed quickly enough they can build up and cause damage.
Possible Causes?
What could cause amyloid proteins to build up present in ME/CFS patients? There are at least three possibilities.
(1) ME/CFS patients could be producing more of these proteins than normal; that is their ability to produce normal proteins could be impaired. This would suggest a deficit exists in very basic cellular processes in the brain.
(2) The processes designed to remove damaged proteins (some always inevitably occur) may be underperforming – allowing excessive accumulations of damaged proteins to build up.
(3) It’s also possible but less likely, in Dr. Baraniuk’s opinion, that high levels of oxidative stress are damaging correctly built proteins.
How do these proteins affect ME/CFS patients? First of all Dr. Baraniuk believes they’ve made it difficult for ME/CFS patient’s brains to interpret and respond correctly to the signals coming from the body. He believes that the part of the brain that controls our breathing, heart rate, blood flows, immune system etc., namely, the autonomic nervous system, appears not to be functio
ning normally.
Focus on the brainstem
In particular he’s focused on the gating mechanisms in the lower part of the brain that filter the amount of information that the upper part of the brain receives. He believes that the neural circuits running from the spinal cord to the brainstem are not working properly and that the system that should close and latch those gates is dysfunctional.
These gates filter out unnecessary information and protect the brain from being flooded with too much information. He believes they’ve been left wide open in chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).
The most critical neural circuit appears to be the Papez Circuit which ties together the anterior cingulate, amygdala and hippocampus. It’s associated with heightened awareness and anxiety and effects autonomic nervous system functioning.
Interestingly studies have shown that the gating mechanisms involving pain are wide open in fibromyalgia patients. (FM patients display over activation of the pain producing and under activation of the pain inhibiting circuits in the brain. Dr. Baraniuk believes ME/CFS, FM, GWS, etc. are all subsets of each other.) Which problem is accentuated in each person may depend on where small ruptures in the blood vessels occur.
‘Arousal’ and CFS
My experiences with feeling wired/tired, muscle tension, rushing thoughts, an inability to settle down and the positive results some people have seen from mindfulness programs like Ashok Gupta’s Amygdala Retraining program which are intended to tamp down the stress response – lead me to ask him straight out what he thought about ‘system arousal’ in ME/CFS.
Dr. Baraniuk repeatedly stated that he does not believe CFS is a ‘psychiatric condition’; he believes it is a neurological condition possibly caused by the damage reflected in the proteome signature. He strongly believes, though, that the brain confusion just described creates anxiety-like components in this disease and that the medical profession took a 20 year tramp down the wrong rabbit hole when they focused on depression.
The heightened sensory awareness seen most prominently in fibromyalgia but also to some extent in ME/CFS is associated with increased not depressed brain activity. (The only disease the Isreali researchers Naschitz was unable to differentiate from chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) using measures of autonomic nervous system functioning was anxiety.)
The inherent plasticity of the brain allows people, however, as he put it to “purposefully introduce conscious actions to block that abnormal circuit’ by doing behavioral therapies such as meditation, Amygdala Retraining program, cognitive behavioral therapy, etc. and he’s all for them. Another way to slow down the overactivity of the brain is to use Klonopin which numerous physicians have described as the most helpful drug for ME/CFS patients.
Focus on Klonopin
Klonopin (Clonzepam) is a benzodiazepine that calms down the brain by reducing the ‘set point’ at which it’s neurons are activated. It does this by increasing the production of GABA, a chemical that reduces neuronal activity. Klonopin has primarily been used to treat panic and seizure disorders. For more on Klonopin
A key gene?
Dr. Baraniuk is focusing on a particular gene CNDP1 – that has a long and short form. His evidence suggests that GWS (and ME/CFS) patients tend to have the longer version. This form of the gene, interestingly enough, given all the evidence of increased oxidative stress in this disease, appears to impair the ability of the brain to protect itself from free radical attack.
A key protein
Since genes produce proteins linking a poorly functioning gene with a ‘bad’ protein would be a considerable step forward; something other researchers have not done. The second part of the study is to attack the problem with treatment. He doesn’t expect miracles but if successful he hopes it could lead to a 10-50% improvement.
CNDP1 (carnosine dipeptidase) degrades carnosine, an amino acid that’s highly concentrated in brain and muscle tissues. Carnosine has a number of different functions; it’s a free radical scavenger and increases corticosterone levels and reduces glycolysis. Corticosterone is an intermediate in the steroid pathway from pregnenalone to aldosterone an interesting finding given the hormonal questions regarding ME/CFS.
Presumably the version of the gene Dr. Baraniuk has found is more active than usual at degrading carnosine and thus could lead to reduced carnosine levels. Low carnosine levels could, then, conceivably contribute in increased oxidative stress and hormonal problems seen in ME/CFS. This, of course, is just a theory and is very preliminary at this point.
Too much stress in ME/CFS or too much pressure?
Besides examining proteins in the spinal fluid a second component of the spinal tap involved determining spinal fluid pressure. Dr. Ravindran explained that Dr. Frazier Henders
on a neurosurgeon that Dr. Baraniuk works with – believes excessive spinal fluid pressure could be disrupting nervous system signals to the brain in chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).
(Dr. Mavrindran informed me that since the spinal tap relieves spinal fluid pressure that I might experience some relief after the spinal tap. My pressure was a bit higher than normal (10-14; mine-18) but not quite in the accepted high range (20).
While my spinal tap was decidedly not a pleasant experience I did experience substantial relief afterwards; cognitively I felt much clearer and physically I felt light and relaxed for some hours. It was if some overlying tension (anxiety) had been removed.
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) connection
Dr. Baraniuk measured ANS functioning using handgrip and nasal tests. As the handgrip tests stresses the ANS and he measures it’s functioning using what looks like a horn that he places into your nose. Suffice it to say it’s a bizarre (but painless) Test.
When we contract the muscles our diastolic blood pressure should increase. The diastolic blood pressure is the low reading in the blood pressure test. It’s increase reflects a general ‘tightening’ in the blood vessels that allows us to push more blood to the small capillaries in the muscles as we exercise.
Dr. Baraniuk has found that ME/CFS patient’s diastolic blood pressure didn’t increase as much as in healthy controls. This suggests that ME/CFS patients may have more difficulty driving blood to the muscles during exercise.
It wasn’t just the diastolic blood pressure, though, that was abnormal; both the expected increase in systolic blood pressure and the heart rate kicked in later in ME/CFS patients than expected.
The fact that their nasal passages didn’t open up as much during the handgrip tests suggested they were getting less oxygen delivery to the tissues. In fact, some (probably very ill) ME/CFS patients display exactly the opposite response to muscle contraction than they should; at a time when their nasal passages should be opening to drive oxygen delivery to their muscles their nasal passages closed. At the very time their body needed more oxygen it was reducing oxygen delivery.
Dr. Baraniuk believes the ANS problems in ME/CFS are due not to abnormalities in the brain but to problems in the brain stem.
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)
Dr. Baraniuk lamented the bad reputation MCS has in the medical establishment. His approach is focused on the nose. It turns out that different subpopulations of nerves respond to different types of sensory inputs. There’s always a wide range of sensory sensitivity in the population; some people for instance can smell from a fire from miles away while others are largely oblivious to it.
Just as with pain and FM he believes that the nervous system gating or filtering problems are involved in MCS. They could cause overstimulated nerves and a heightened perception of and hypersensitivity to odors. He noted (correctly) that odors are not a necessary component of MCS; it’s the effect that chemicals have on the brain.
He’d love to measure odor hypersensitivity with EEG’s but there’s no money. He noted again that Klonopin, CBT and other therapies work to the extent that they do because they tend to dampen down the speed and strength of the aberrant brain signals (i.e. help to close the gate).
A Nasal/Stress Connection?
Dr. Baraniuk is an allergist and focused on the nose in chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) in the past. He found in a pattern that repeats itself again and again in ME/CFS that baseline nasal measurements were normal but when he stimulated the nasal passages the mucousal secretions plateaued at a much lower level that the normal controls.
We see this kind of pattern relatively normal levels at rest but quite abnormal levels under stress all over the body in ME/CFS patients; in the HPA axis, NK cells, the heart, during the repeat exercise tests, and the brain.
Dr. Baraniuk believes the substance the Fletcher/Klimas team is studying in connection with natural killer cell dysfunction, neuropeptide Y, will be a very important stress marker in this disease.
Low Blood Flows
I asked Dr. Baraniuk if the low blood flows in chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients could simply allow more proteins to build up and get stuck in the blood vessels of their brain if this was purely a low-flow problem. He thought low blood flows might contribute but clearly didn’t think they played a central role. (Studies with blood volume inducing drugs indicate that increasing blood volume in this disease does not in itself relieve the condition in many patients).
The Migraine Connection
At the last CFSAC meeting Dr. Baraniuk talked about a possible connecti
on between and chronic fatigue syndrome. He noted that not only do many ME/CFS patients have migraines but that most of his migraine patients meet the criteria for ME/CFS.
Furthermore both migraine and ME/CFS appear to involve abnormalities in blood flows in the brain. Both sets of patients have problems with stimuli such as noise, light, smell, etc. and both have a kind of relapsing/recurring nature. Behan and Chaudhuri noted several similarities between CFS and migraine about 7 years ago.
Many migraine and ME/CFS patients are sensitive to light and I asked Dr. Mavrindrin about this. He noted that the vasoconstrictor Imitrex is used to treat migraine another hypersensitivity reaction. My notes suggest that Dr. Baraniuk has used Imitrex successfully to treat light sensitivity reactions in ME/CFS.
(In a CFSAC meeting Dr. Row from Australia stated that the only thing that helped ME/CFS adolescents headaches was migraine medication. She said, “It’s very uncommon for the headaches not to be managed by one of the migraine medications’. She was also focused on treating dizziness, and (neutrally mediated) cardiac symptoms -both of which imply autonomic nervous system dysfunction. She noted that the nausea she frequently encountered appeared to be a function of blood pressure problems – another possible ANS complication.)
Pathogens?
Dr. Baraniuk has not found any pathogens in his cerebral spinal fluid samples thus far.
GWS and ME/CFS
Dr. Baraniuk believes GWS/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) are two facets of the same diamond; by looking through one side he hopes to illuminate the other. He’ll be looking for the same form of that gene he found in GWS in his present ME/CFS study (and in fact said it was present).
In a year when he has enough preliminary data he hopes to apply for a similar study in ME/CFS. I laughed when he said he expected it to get rejected first and then hopefully get approved the next time around but he didn’t find that fact humorous at all.
The March of Technology
Improvements in technology in the last few years are allowing Dr. Baraniuk and his team get a much more detailed look at patients’ cerebral spinal fluid than they could before. This suggests, of course, that as exciting as the last study was that the results of this study could be even more so, particularly given how comprehensive it is regards to the ANS functioning, etc.
This study also indicates the kind of work at the National Institutes of Health funds when it’s on the ball. Even our biggest support group doesn’t have the funds to pay for a study like this. This kind of study is why we need to continue to pressure the National Institutes of Health and Centers for Disease Control to fund ME/CFS research.
Thanks very much to Dr. Baraniuk and Dr. Mavrindrin for being willing to sit down and talk about these issues basically until I ran out of questions. Throughout the day and a half I spent there they were very accommodating.